Mini Shell
#
# Copyright 2011 Facebook
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
"""Miscellaneous network utility code."""
import asyncio
import concurrent.futures
import errno
import os
import sys
import socket
import ssl
import stat
from tornado.concurrent import dummy_executor, run_on_executor
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from tornado.util import Configurable, errno_from_exception
from typing import List, Callable, Any, Type, Dict, Union, Tuple, Awaitable, Optional
# Note that the naming of ssl.Purpose is confusing; the purpose
# of a context is to authenticate the opposite side of the connection.
_client_ssl_defaults = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH)
_server_ssl_defaults = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH)
if hasattr(ssl, "OP_NO_COMPRESSION"):
# See netutil.ssl_options_to_context
_client_ssl_defaults.options |= ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION
_server_ssl_defaults.options |= ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION
# ThreadedResolver runs getaddrinfo on a thread. If the hostname is unicode,
# getaddrinfo attempts to import encodings.idna. If this is done at
# module-import time, the import lock is already held by the main thread,
# leading to deadlock. Avoid it by caching the idna encoder on the main
# thread now.
"foo".encode("idna")
# For undiagnosed reasons, 'latin1' codec may also need to be preloaded.
"foo".encode("latin1")
# Default backlog used when calling sock.listen()
_DEFAULT_BACKLOG = 128
def bind_sockets(
port: int,
address: Optional[str] = None,
family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC,
backlog: int = _DEFAULT_BACKLOG,
flags: Optional[int] = None,
reuse_port: bool = False,
) -> List[socket.socket]:
"""Creates listening sockets bound to the given port and address.
Returns a list of socket objects (multiple sockets are returned if
the given address maps to multiple IP addresses, which is most common
for mixed IPv4 and IPv6 use).
Address may be either an IP address or hostname. If it's a hostname,
the server will listen on all IP addresses associated with the
name. Address may be an empty string or None to listen on all
available interfaces. Family may be set to either `socket.AF_INET`
or `socket.AF_INET6` to restrict to IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, otherwise
both will be used if available.
The ``backlog`` argument has the same meaning as for
`socket.listen() <socket.socket.listen>`.
``flags`` is a bitmask of AI_* flags to `~socket.getaddrinfo`, like
``socket.AI_PASSIVE | socket.AI_NUMERICHOST``.
``reuse_port`` option sets ``SO_REUSEPORT`` option for every socket
in the list. If your platform doesn't support this option ValueError will
be raised.
"""
if reuse_port and not hasattr(socket, "SO_REUSEPORT"):
raise ValueError("the platform doesn't support SO_REUSEPORT")
sockets = []
if address == "":
address = None
if not socket.has_ipv6 and family == socket.AF_UNSPEC:
# Python can be compiled with --disable-ipv6, which causes
# operations on AF_INET6 sockets to fail, but does not
# automatically exclude those results from getaddrinfo
# results.
# http://bugs.python.org/issue16208
family = socket.AF_INET
if flags is None:
flags = socket.AI_PASSIVE
bound_port = None
unique_addresses = set() # type: set
for res in sorted(
socket.getaddrinfo(address, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, flags),
key=lambda x: x[0],
):
if res in unique_addresses:
continue
unique_addresses.add(res)
af, socktype, proto, canonname, sockaddr = res
if (
sys.platform == "darwin"
and address == "localhost"
and af == socket.AF_INET6
and sockaddr[3] != 0 # type: ignore
):
# Mac OS X includes a link-local address fe80::1%lo0 in the
# getaddrinfo results for 'localhost'. However, the firewall
# doesn't understand that this is a local address and will
# prompt for access (often repeatedly, due to an apparent
# bug in its ability to remember granting access to an
# application). Skip these addresses.
continue
try:
sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
except socket.error as e:
if errno_from_exception(e) == errno.EAFNOSUPPORT:
continue
raise
if os.name != "nt":
try:
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
except socket.error as e:
if errno_from_exception(e) != errno.ENOPROTOOPT:
# Hurd doesn't support SO_REUSEADDR.
raise
if reuse_port:
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEPORT, 1)
if af == socket.AF_INET6:
# On linux, ipv6 sockets accept ipv4 too by default,
# but this makes it impossible to bind to both
# 0.0.0.0 in ipv4 and :: in ipv6. On other systems,
# separate sockets *must* be used to listen for both ipv4
# and ipv6. For consistency, always disable ipv4 on our
# ipv6 sockets and use a separate ipv4 socket when needed.
#
# Python 2.x on windows doesn't have IPPROTO_IPV6.
if hasattr(socket, "IPPROTO_IPV6"):
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IPV6, socket.IPV6_V6ONLY, 1)
# automatic port allocation with port=None
# should bind on the same port on IPv4 and IPv6
host, requested_port = sockaddr[:2]
if requested_port == 0 and bound_port is not None:
sockaddr = tuple([host, bound_port] + list(sockaddr[2:]))
sock.setblocking(False)
try:
sock.bind(sockaddr)
except OSError as e:
if (
errno_from_exception(e) == errno.EADDRNOTAVAIL
and address == "localhost"
and sockaddr[0] == "::1"
):
# On some systems (most notably docker with default
# configurations), ipv6 is partially disabled:
# socket.has_ipv6 is true, we can create AF_INET6
# sockets, and getaddrinfo("localhost", ...,
# AF_PASSIVE) resolves to ::1, but we get an error
# when binding.
#
# Swallow the error, but only for this specific case.
# If EADDRNOTAVAIL occurs in other situations, it
# might be a real problem like a typo in a
# configuration.
sock.close()
continue
else:
raise
bound_port = sock.getsockname()[1]
sock.listen(backlog)
sockets.append(sock)
return sockets
if hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"):
def bind_unix_socket(
file: str, mode: int = 0o600, backlog: int = _DEFAULT_BACKLOG
) -> socket.socket:
"""Creates a listening unix socket.
If a socket with the given name already exists, it will be deleted.
If any other file with that name exists, an exception will be
raised.
Returns a socket object (not a list of socket objects like
`bind_sockets`)
"""
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
try:
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
except socket.error as e:
if errno_from_exception(e) != errno.ENOPROTOOPT:
# Hurd doesn't support SO_REUSEADDR
raise
sock.setblocking(False)
try:
st = os.stat(file)
except FileNotFoundError:
pass
else:
if stat.S_ISSOCK(st.st_mode):
os.remove(file)
else:
raise ValueError("File %s exists and is not a socket", file)
sock.bind(file)
os.chmod(file, mode)
sock.listen(backlog)
return sock
def add_accept_handler(
sock: socket.socket, callback: Callable[[socket.socket, Any], None]
) -> Callable[[], None]:
"""Adds an `.IOLoop` event handler to accept new connections on ``sock``.
When a connection is accepted, ``callback(connection, address)`` will
be run (``connection`` is a socket object, and ``address`` is the
address of the other end of the connection). Note that this signature
is different from the ``callback(fd, events)`` signature used for
`.IOLoop` handlers.
A callable is returned which, when called, will remove the `.IOLoop`
event handler and stop processing further incoming connections.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
The ``io_loop`` argument (deprecated since version 4.1) has been removed.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
A callable is returned (``None`` was returned before).
"""
io_loop = IOLoop.current()
removed = [False]
def accept_handler(fd: socket.socket, events: int) -> None:
# More connections may come in while we're handling callbacks;
# to prevent starvation of other tasks we must limit the number
# of connections we accept at a time. Ideally we would accept
# up to the number of connections that were waiting when we
# entered this method, but this information is not available
# (and rearranging this method to call accept() as many times
# as possible before running any callbacks would have adverse
# effects on load balancing in multiprocess configurations).
# Instead, we use the (default) listen backlog as a rough
# heuristic for the number of connections we can reasonably
# accept at once.
for i in range(_DEFAULT_BACKLOG):
if removed[0]:
# The socket was probably closed
return
try:
connection, address = sock.accept()
except BlockingIOError:
# EWOULDBLOCK indicates we have accepted every
# connection that is available.
return
except ConnectionAbortedError:
# ECONNABORTED indicates that there was a connection
# but it was closed while still in the accept queue.
# (observed on FreeBSD).
continue
callback(connection, address)
def remove_handler() -> None:
io_loop.remove_handler(sock)
removed[0] = True
io_loop.add_handler(sock, accept_handler, IOLoop.READ)
return remove_handler
def is_valid_ip(ip: str) -> bool:
"""Returns ``True`` if the given string is a well-formed IP address.
Supports IPv4 and IPv6.
"""
if not ip or "\x00" in ip:
# getaddrinfo resolves empty strings to localhost, and truncates
# on zero bytes.
return False
try:
res = socket.getaddrinfo(
ip, 0, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_NUMERICHOST
)
return bool(res)
except socket.gaierror as e:
if e.args[0] == socket.EAI_NONAME:
return False
raise
except UnicodeError:
# `socket.getaddrinfo` will raise a UnicodeError from the
# `idna` decoder if the input is longer than 63 characters,
# even for socket.AI_NUMERICHOST. See
# https://bugs.python.org/issue32958 for discussion
return False
return True
class Resolver(Configurable):
"""Configurable asynchronous DNS resolver interface.
By default, a blocking implementation is used (which simply calls
`socket.getaddrinfo`). An alternative implementation can be
chosen with the `Resolver.configure <.Configurable.configure>`
class method::
Resolver.configure('tornado.netutil.ThreadedResolver')
The implementations of this interface included with Tornado are
* `tornado.netutil.DefaultLoopResolver`
* `tornado.netutil.DefaultExecutorResolver` (deprecated)
* `tornado.netutil.BlockingResolver` (deprecated)
* `tornado.netutil.ThreadedResolver` (deprecated)
* `tornado.netutil.OverrideResolver`
* `tornado.platform.twisted.TwistedResolver` (deprecated)
* `tornado.platform.caresresolver.CaresResolver` (deprecated)
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
The default implementation has changed from `BlockingResolver` to
`DefaultExecutorResolver`.
.. versionchanged:: 6.2
The default implementation has changed from `DefaultExecutorResolver` to
`DefaultLoopResolver`.
"""
@classmethod
def configurable_base(cls) -> Type["Resolver"]:
return Resolver
@classmethod
def configurable_default(cls) -> Type["Resolver"]:
return DefaultLoopResolver
def resolve(
self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC
) -> Awaitable[List[Tuple[int, Any]]]:
"""Resolves an address.
The ``host`` argument is a string which may be a hostname or a
literal IP address.
Returns a `.Future` whose result is a list of (family,
address) pairs, where address is a tuple suitable to pass to
`socket.connect <socket.socket.connect>` (i.e. a ``(host,
port)`` pair for IPv4; additional fields may be present for
IPv6). If a ``callback`` is passed, it will be run with the
result as an argument when it is complete.
:raises IOError: if the address cannot be resolved.
.. versionchanged:: 4.4
Standardized all implementations to raise `IOError`.
.. versionchanged:: 6.0 The ``callback`` argument was removed.
Use the returned awaitable object instead.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def close(self) -> None:
"""Closes the `Resolver`, freeing any resources used.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
"""
pass
def _resolve_addr(
host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC
) -> List[Tuple[int, Any]]:
# On Solaris, getaddrinfo fails if the given port is not found
# in /etc/services and no socket type is given, so we must pass
# one here. The socket type used here doesn't seem to actually
# matter (we discard the one we get back in the results),
# so the addresses we return should still be usable with SOCK_DGRAM.
addrinfo = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
results = []
for fam, socktype, proto, canonname, address in addrinfo:
results.append((fam, address))
return results # type: ignore
class DefaultExecutorResolver(Resolver):
"""Resolver implementation using `.IOLoop.run_in_executor`.
.. versionadded:: 5.0
.. deprecated:: 6.2
Use `DefaultLoopResolver` instead.
"""
async def resolve(
self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC
) -> List[Tuple[int, Any]]:
result = await IOLoop.current().run_in_executor(
None, _resolve_addr, host, port, family
)
return result
class DefaultLoopResolver(Resolver):
"""Resolver implementation using `asyncio.loop.getaddrinfo`."""
async def resolve(
self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC
) -> List[Tuple[int, Any]]:
# On Solaris, getaddrinfo fails if the given port is not found
# in /etc/services and no socket type is given, so we must pass
# one here. The socket type used here doesn't seem to actually
# matter (we discard the one we get back in the results),
# so the addresses we return should still be usable with SOCK_DGRAM.
return [
(fam, address)
for fam, _, _, _, address in await asyncio.get_running_loop().getaddrinfo(
host, port, family=family, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM
)
]
class ExecutorResolver(Resolver):
"""Resolver implementation using a `concurrent.futures.Executor`.
Use this instead of `ThreadedResolver` when you require additional
control over the executor being used.
The executor will be shut down when the resolver is closed unless
``close_resolver=False``; use this if you want to reuse the same
executor elsewhere.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
The ``io_loop`` argument (deprecated since version 4.1) has been removed.
.. deprecated:: 5.0
The default `Resolver` now uses `asyncio.loop.getaddrinfo`;
use that instead of this class.
"""
def initialize(
self,
executor: Optional[concurrent.futures.Executor] = None,
close_executor: bool = True,
) -> None:
if executor is not None:
self.executor = executor
self.close_executor = close_executor
else:
self.executor = dummy_executor
self.close_executor = False
def close(self) -> None:
if self.close_executor:
self.executor.shutdown()
self.executor = None # type: ignore
@run_on_executor
def resolve(
self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC
) -> List[Tuple[int, Any]]:
return _resolve_addr(host, port, family)
class BlockingResolver(ExecutorResolver):
"""Default `Resolver` implementation, using `socket.getaddrinfo`.
The `.IOLoop` will be blocked during the resolution, although the
callback will not be run until the next `.IOLoop` iteration.
.. deprecated:: 5.0
The default `Resolver` now uses `.IOLoop.run_in_executor`; use that instead
of this class.
"""
def initialize(self) -> None: # type: ignore
super().initialize()
class ThreadedResolver(ExecutorResolver):
"""Multithreaded non-blocking `Resolver` implementation.
Requires the `concurrent.futures` package to be installed
(available in the standard library since Python 3.2,
installable with ``pip install futures`` in older versions).
The thread pool size can be configured with::
Resolver.configure('tornado.netutil.ThreadedResolver',
num_threads=10)
.. versionchanged:: 3.1
All ``ThreadedResolvers`` share a single thread pool, whose
size is set by the first one to be created.
.. deprecated:: 5.0
The default `Resolver` now uses `.IOLoop.run_in_executor`; use that instead
of this class.
"""
_threadpool = None # type: ignore
_threadpool_pid = None # type: int
def initialize(self, num_threads: int = 10) -> None: # type: ignore
threadpool = ThreadedResolver._create_threadpool(num_threads)
super().initialize(executor=threadpool, close_executor=False)
@classmethod
def _create_threadpool(
cls, num_threads: int
) -> concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor:
pid = os.getpid()
if cls._threadpool_pid != pid:
# Threads cannot survive after a fork, so if our pid isn't what it
# was when we created the pool then delete it.
cls._threadpool = None
if cls._threadpool is None:
cls._threadpool = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(num_threads)
cls._threadpool_pid = pid
return cls._threadpool
class OverrideResolver(Resolver):
"""Wraps a resolver with a mapping of overrides.
This can be used to make local DNS changes (e.g. for testing)
without modifying system-wide settings.
The mapping can be in three formats::
{
# Hostname to host or ip
"example.com": "127.0.1.1",
# Host+port to host+port
("login.example.com", 443): ("localhost", 1443),
# Host+port+address family to host+port
("login.example.com", 443, socket.AF_INET6): ("::1", 1443),
}
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
Added support for host-port-family triplets.
"""
def initialize(self, resolver: Resolver, mapping: dict) -> None:
self.resolver = resolver
self.mapping = mapping
def close(self) -> None:
self.resolver.close()
def resolve(
self, host: str, port: int, family: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC
) -> Awaitable[List[Tuple[int, Any]]]:
if (host, port, family) in self.mapping:
host, port = self.mapping[(host, port, family)]
elif (host, port) in self.mapping:
host, port = self.mapping[(host, port)]
elif host in self.mapping:
host = self.mapping[host]
return self.resolver.resolve(host, port, family)
# These are the keyword arguments to ssl.wrap_socket that must be translated
# to their SSLContext equivalents (the other arguments are still passed
# to SSLContext.wrap_socket).
_SSL_CONTEXT_KEYWORDS = frozenset(
["ssl_version", "certfile", "keyfile", "cert_reqs", "ca_certs", "ciphers"]
)
def ssl_options_to_context(
ssl_options: Union[Dict[str, Any], ssl.SSLContext],
server_side: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ssl.SSLContext:
"""Try to convert an ``ssl_options`` dictionary to an
`~ssl.SSLContext` object.
The ``ssl_options`` dictionary contains keywords to be passed to
`ssl.wrap_socket`. In Python 2.7.9+, `ssl.SSLContext` objects can
be used instead. This function converts the dict form to its
`~ssl.SSLContext` equivalent, and may be used when a component which
accepts both forms needs to upgrade to the `~ssl.SSLContext` version
to use features like SNI or NPN.
.. versionchanged:: 6.2
Added server_side argument. Omitting this argument will
result in a DeprecationWarning on Python 3.10.
"""
if isinstance(ssl_options, ssl.SSLContext):
return ssl_options
assert isinstance(ssl_options, dict)
assert all(k in _SSL_CONTEXT_KEYWORDS for k in ssl_options), ssl_options
# TODO: Now that we have the server_side argument, can we switch to
# create_default_context or would that change behavior?
default_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS
if server_side:
default_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER
elif server_side is not None:
default_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl_options.get("ssl_version", default_version))
if "certfile" in ssl_options:
context.load_cert_chain(
ssl_options["certfile"], ssl_options.get("keyfile", None)
)
if "cert_reqs" in ssl_options:
if ssl_options["cert_reqs"] == ssl.CERT_NONE:
# This may have been set automatically by PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT but is
# incompatible with CERT_NONE so we must manually clear it.
context.check_hostname = False
context.verify_mode = ssl_options["cert_reqs"]
if "ca_certs" in ssl_options:
context.load_verify_locations(ssl_options["ca_certs"])
if "ciphers" in ssl_options:
context.set_ciphers(ssl_options["ciphers"])
if hasattr(ssl, "OP_NO_COMPRESSION"):
# Disable TLS compression to avoid CRIME and related attacks.
# This constant depends on openssl version 1.0.
# TODO: Do we need to do this ourselves or can we trust
# the defaults?
context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION
return context
def ssl_wrap_socket(
socket: socket.socket,
ssl_options: Union[Dict[str, Any], ssl.SSLContext],
server_hostname: Optional[str] = None,
server_side: Optional[bool] = None,
**kwargs: Any
) -> ssl.SSLSocket:
"""Returns an ``ssl.SSLSocket`` wrapping the given socket.
``ssl_options`` may be either an `ssl.SSLContext` object or a
dictionary (as accepted by `ssl_options_to_context`). Additional
keyword arguments are passed to ``wrap_socket`` (either the
`~ssl.SSLContext` method or the `ssl` module function as
appropriate).
.. versionchanged:: 6.2
Added server_side argument. Omitting this argument will
result in a DeprecationWarning on Python 3.10.
"""
context = ssl_options_to_context(ssl_options, server_side=server_side)
if server_side is None:
server_side = False
if ssl.HAS_SNI:
# In python 3.4, wrap_socket only accepts the server_hostname
# argument if HAS_SNI is true.
# TODO: add a unittest (python added server-side SNI support in 3.4)
# In the meantime it can be manually tested with
# python3 -m tornado.httpclient https://sni.velox.ch
return context.wrap_socket(
socket, server_hostname=server_hostname, server_side=server_side, **kwargs
)
else:
return context.wrap_socket(socket, server_side=server_side, **kwargs)
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