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package Opcode;
use 5.006_001;
use strict;
our($VERSION, @ISA, @EXPORT_OK);
$VERSION = "1.39";
use Carp;
use Exporter ();
use XSLoader;
BEGIN {
@ISA = qw(Exporter);
@EXPORT_OK = qw(
opset ops_to_opset
opset_to_ops opset_to_hex invert_opset
empty_opset full_opset
opdesc opcodes opmask define_optag
opmask_add verify_opset opdump
);
}
sub opset (;@);
sub opset_to_hex ($);
sub opdump (;$);
use subs @EXPORT_OK;
XSLoader::load();
_init_optags();
sub ops_to_opset { opset @_ } # alias for old name
sub opset_to_hex ($) {
return "(invalid opset)" unless verify_opset($_[0]);
unpack("h*",$_[0]);
}
sub opdump (;$) {
my $pat = shift;
# handy utility: perl -MOpcode=opdump -e 'opdump File'
foreach(opset_to_ops(full_opset)) {
my $op = sprintf " %12s %s\n", $_, opdesc($_);
next if defined $pat and $op !~ m/$pat/i;
print $op;
}
}
sub _init_optags {
my(%all, %seen);
@all{opset_to_ops(full_opset)} = (); # keys only
local($_);
local($/) = "\n=cut"; # skip to optags definition section
<DATA>;
$/ = "\n="; # now read in 'pod section' chunks
while(<DATA>) {
next unless m/^item\s+(:\w+)/;
my $tag = $1;
# Split into lines, keep only indented lines
my @lines = grep { m/^\s/ } split(/\n/);
foreach (@lines) { s/(?:\t|--).*// } # delete comments
my @ops = map { split ' ' } @lines; # get op words
foreach(@ops) {
warn "$tag - $_ already tagged in $seen{$_}\n" if $seen{$_};
$seen{$_} = $tag;
delete $all{$_};
}
# opset will croak on invalid names
define_optag($tag, opset(@ops));
}
close(DATA);
warn "Untagged opnames: ".join(' ',keys %all)."\n" if %all;
}
1;
__DATA__
=head1 NAME
Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Opcode;
=head1 DESCRIPTION
Perl code is always compiled into an internal format before execution.
Evaluating perl code (e.g. via "eval" or "do 'file'") causes
the code to be compiled into an internal format and then,
provided there was no error in the compilation, executed.
The internal format is based on many distinct I<opcodes>.
By default no opmask is in effect and any code can be compiled.
The Opcode module allow you to define an I<operator mask> to be in
effect when perl I<next> compiles any code. Attempting to compile code
which contains a masked opcode will cause the compilation to fail
with an error. The code will not be executed.
=head1 NOTE
The Opcode module is not usually used directly. See the ops pragma and
Safe modules for more typical uses.
=head1 WARNING
The authors make B<no warranty>, implied or otherwise, about the
suitability of this software for safety or security purposes.
The authors shall not in any case be liable for special, incidental,
consequential, indirect or other similar damages arising from the use
of this software.
Your mileage will vary. If in any doubt B<do not use it>.
=head1 Operator Names and Operator Lists
The canonical list of operator names is the contents of the array
PL_op_name defined and initialised in file F<opcode.h> of the Perl
source distribution (and installed into the perl library).
Each operator has both a terse name (its opname) and a more verbose or
recognisable descriptive name. The opdesc function can be used to
return a list of descriptions for a list of operators.
Many of the functions and methods listed below take a list of
operators as parameters. Most operator lists can be made up of several
types of element. Each element can be one of
=over 8
=item an operator name (opname)
Operator names are typically small lowercase words like enterloop,
leaveloop, last, next, redo etc. Sometimes they are rather cryptic
like gv2cv, i_ncmp and ftsvtx.
=item an operator tag name (optag)
Operator tags can be used to refer to groups (or sets) of operators.
Tag names always begin with a colon. The Opcode module defines several
optags and the user can define others using the define_optag function.
=item a negated opname or optag
An opname or optag can be prefixed with an exclamation mark, e.g., !mkdir.
Negating an opname or optag means remove the corresponding ops from the
accumulated set of ops at that point.
=item an operator set (opset)
An I<opset> as a binary string of approximately 44 bytes which holds a
set or zero or more operators.
The opset and opset_to_ops functions can be used to convert from
a list of operators to an opset and I<vice versa>.
Wherever a list of operators can be given you can use one or more opsets.
See also Manipulating Opsets below.
=back
=head1 Opcode Functions
The Opcode package contains functions for manipulating operator names
tags and sets. All are available for export by the package.
=over 8
=item opcodes
In a scalar context opcodes returns the number of opcodes in this
version of perl (around 350 for perl-5.7.0).
In a list context it returns a list of all the operator names.
(Not yet implemented, use @names = opset_to_ops(full_opset).)
=item opset (OP, ...)
Returns an opset containing the listed operators.
=item opset_to_ops (OPSET)
Returns a list of operator names corresponding to those operators in
the set.
=item opset_to_hex (OPSET)
Returns a string representation of an opset. Can be handy for debugging.
=item full_opset
Returns an opset which includes all operators.
=item empty_opset
Returns an opset which contains no operators.
=item invert_opset (OPSET)
Returns an opset which is the inverse set of the one supplied.
=item verify_opset (OPSET, ...)
Returns true if the supplied opset looks like a valid opset (is the
right length etc) otherwise it returns false. If an optional second
parameter is true then verify_opset will croak on an invalid opset
instead of returning false.
Most of the other Opcode functions call verify_opset automatically
and will croak if given an invalid opset.
=item define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET)
Define OPTAG as a symbolic name for OPSET. Optag names always start
with a colon C<:>.
The optag name used must not be defined already (define_optag will
croak if it is already defined). Optag names are global to the perl
process and optag definitions cannot be altered or deleted once
defined.
It is strongly recommended that applications using Opcode should use a
leading capital letter on their tag names since lowercase names are
reserved for use by the Opcode module. If using Opcode within a module
you should prefix your tags names with the name of your module to
ensure uniqueness and thus avoid clashes with other modules.
=item opmask_add (OPSET)
Adds the supplied opset to the current opmask. Note that there is
currently I<no> mechanism for unmasking ops once they have been masked.
This is intentional.
=item opmask
Returns an opset corresponding to the current opmask.
=item opdesc (OP, ...)
This takes a list of operator names and returns the corresponding list
of operator descriptions.
=item opdump (PAT)
Dumps to STDOUT a two column list of op names and op descriptions.
If an optional pattern is given then only lines which match the
(case insensitive) pattern will be output.
It's designed to be used as a handy command line utility:
perl -MOpcode=opdump -e opdump
perl -MOpcode=opdump -e 'opdump Eval'
=back
=head1 Manipulating Opsets
Opsets may be manipulated using the perl bit vector operators & (and), | (or),
^ (xor) and ~ (negate/invert).
However you should never rely on the numerical position of any opcode
within the opset. In other words both sides of a bit vector operator
should be opsets returned from Opcode functions.
Also, since the number of opcodes in your current version of perl might
not be an exact multiple of eight, there may be unused bits in the last
byte of an upset. This should not cause any problems (Opcode functions
ignore those extra bits) but it does mean that using the ~ operator
will typically not produce the same 'physical' opset 'string' as the
invert_opset function.
=head1 TO DO (maybe)
$bool = opset_eq($opset1, $opset2) true if opsets are logically
equivalent
$yes = opset_can($opset, @ops) true if $opset has all @ops set
@diff = opset_diff($opset1, $opset2) => ('foo', '!bar', ...)
=cut
# the =cut above is used by _init_optags() to get here quickly
=head1 Predefined Opcode Tags
=over 5
=item :base_core
null stub scalar pushmark wantarray const defined undef
rv2sv sassign
rv2av aassign aelem aelemfast aelemfast_lex aslice kvaslice
av2arylen
rv2hv helem hslice kvhslice each values keys exists delete
aeach akeys avalues multideref argelem argdefelem argcheck
preinc i_preinc predec i_predec postinc i_postinc
postdec i_postdec int hex oct abs pow multiply i_multiply
divide i_divide modulo i_modulo add i_add subtract i_subtract
left_shift right_shift bit_and bit_xor bit_or nbit_and
nbit_xor nbit_or sbit_and sbit_xor sbit_or negate i_negate not
complement ncomplement scomplement
lt i_lt gt i_gt le i_le ge i_ge eq i_eq ne i_ne ncmp i_ncmp
slt sgt sle sge seq sne scmp
substr vec stringify study pos length index rindex ord chr
ucfirst lcfirst uc lc fc quotemeta trans transr chop schop
chomp schomp
match split qr
list lslice splice push pop shift unshift reverse
cond_expr flip flop andassign orassign dorassign and or dor xor
warn die lineseq nextstate scope enter leave
rv2cv anoncode prototype coreargs avhvswitch anonconst
entersub leavesub leavesublv return method method_named
method_super method_redir method_redir_super
-- XXX loops via recursion?
leaveeval -- needed for Safe to operate, is safe
without entereval
=item :base_mem
These memory related ops are not included in :base_core because they
can easily be used to implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all
available memory).
concat repeat join range
anonlist anonhash
Note that despite the existence of this optag a memory resource attack
may still be possible using only :base_core ops.
Disabling these ops is a I<very> heavy handed way to attempt to prevent
a memory resource attack. It's probable that a specific memory limit
mechanism will be added to perl in the near future.
=item :base_loop
These loop ops are not included in :base_core because they can easily be
used to implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all available CPU time).
grepstart grepwhile
mapstart mapwhile
enteriter iter
enterloop leaveloop unstack
last next redo
goto
=item :base_io
These ops enable I<filehandle> (rather than filename) based input and
output. These are safe on the assumption that only pre-existing
filehandles are available for use. Usually, to create new filehandles
other ops such as open would need to be enabled, if you don't take into
account the magical open of ARGV.
readline rcatline getc read
formline enterwrite leavewrite
print say sysread syswrite send recv
eof tell seek sysseek
readdir telldir seekdir rewinddir
=item :base_orig
These are a hotchpotch of opcodes still waiting to be considered
gvsv gv gelem
padsv padav padhv padcv padany padrange introcv clonecv
once
rv2gv refgen srefgen ref refassign lvref lvrefslice lvavref
bless -- could be used to change ownership of objects
(reblessing)
regcmaybe regcreset regcomp subst substcont
sprintf prtf -- can core dump
crypt
tie untie
dbmopen dbmclose
sselect select
pipe_op sockpair
getppid getpgrp setpgrp getpriority setpriority
localtime gmtime
entertry leavetry -- can be used to 'hide' fatal errors
entergiven leavegiven
enterwhen leavewhen
break continue
smartmatch
custom -- where should this go
=item :base_math
These ops are not included in :base_core because of the risk of them being
used to generate floating point exceptions (which would have to be caught
using a $SIG{FPE} handler).
atan2 sin cos exp log sqrt
These ops are not included in :base_core because they have an effect
beyond the scope of the compartment.
rand srand
=item :base_thread
These ops are related to multi-threading.
lock
=item :default
A handy tag name for a I<reasonable> default set of ops. (The current ops
allowed are unstable while development continues. It will change.)
:base_core :base_mem :base_loop :base_orig :base_thread
This list used to contain :base_io prior to Opcode 1.07.
If safety matters to you (and why else would you be using the Opcode module?)
then you should not rely on the definition of this, or indeed any other, optag!
=item :filesys_read
stat lstat readlink
ftatime ftblk ftchr ftctime ftdir fteexec fteowned
fteread ftewrite ftfile ftis ftlink ftmtime ftpipe
ftrexec ftrowned ftrread ftsgid ftsize ftsock ftsuid
fttty ftzero ftrwrite ftsvtx
fttext ftbinary
fileno
=item :sys_db
ghbyname ghbyaddr ghostent shostent ehostent -- hosts
gnbyname gnbyaddr gnetent snetent enetent -- networks
gpbyname gpbynumber gprotoent sprotoent eprotoent -- protocols
gsbyname gsbyport gservent sservent eservent -- services
gpwnam gpwuid gpwent spwent epwent getlogin -- users
ggrnam ggrgid ggrent sgrent egrent -- groups
=item :browse
A handy tag name for a I<reasonable> default set of ops beyond the
:default optag. Like :default (and indeed all the other optags) its
current definition is unstable while development continues. It will change.
The :browse tag represents the next step beyond :default. It it a
superset of the :default ops and adds :filesys_read the :sys_db.
The intent being that scripts can access more (possibly sensitive)
information about your system but not be able to change it.
:default :filesys_read :sys_db
=item :filesys_open
sysopen open close
umask binmode
open_dir closedir -- other dir ops are in :base_io
=item :filesys_write
link unlink rename symlink truncate
mkdir rmdir
utime chmod chown
fcntl -- not strictly filesys related, but possibly as
dangerous?
=item :subprocess
backtick system
fork
wait waitpid
glob -- access to Cshell via <`rm *`>
=item :ownprocess
exec exit kill
time tms -- could be used for timing attacks (paranoid?)
=item :others
This tag holds groups of assorted specialist opcodes that don't warrant
having optags defined for them.
SystemV Interprocess Communications:
msgctl msgget msgrcv msgsnd
semctl semget semop
shmctl shmget shmread shmwrite
=item :load
This tag holds opcodes related to loading modules and getting information
about calling environment and args.
require dofile
caller runcv
=item :still_to_be_decided
chdir
flock ioctl
socket getpeername ssockopt
bind connect listen accept shutdown gsockopt getsockname
sleep alarm -- changes global timer state and signal handling
sort -- assorted problems including core dumps
tied -- can be used to access object implementing a tie
pack unpack -- can be used to create/use memory pointers
hintseval -- constant op holding eval hints
entereval -- can be used to hide code from initial compile
reset
dbstate -- perl -d version of nextstate(ment) opcode
=item :dangerous
This tag is simply a bucket for opcodes that are unlikely to be used via
a tag name but need to be tagged for completeness and documentation.
syscall dump chroot
=back
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<ops> -- perl pragma interface to Opcode module.
L<Safe> -- Opcode and namespace limited execution compartments
=head1 AUTHORS
Originally designed and implemented by Malcolm Beattie,
mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk as part of Safe version 1.
Split out from Safe module version 1, named opcode tags and other
changes added by Tim Bunce.
=cut
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